The ecological balance of MICROBIAL COMMUNITY (MC) is very important as an index of soil ecosystem health due to the pivotal and vital roles of MC. MICROBIAL culture methods are suitable for this purpose because the majority of soil microorganisms unable to grow on synthetic media. DNA- based molecular analyses just provide MICROBIAL diversity data. Then a rapid method for the assessment of soil MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE is using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) patterns (because they are degraded rapidly after cells death, by the action of phosphatases). Moreover, PLFA provide broad information dealing with MICROBIAL diversity, biomass and their nutritional-physiological status. Certain and specific PLFAs, viz.trans/cis ratio (monounsaturated fatty acids (16: 1w7t) to 16: 1w7c), cy/pre ratio(cyclopropyl (cy17: 0+cy19: 0) fatty acids to precursor (16: 1w7+18: 1w7) fatty acids, S/M ratio (saturated to monosaturated fatty acids), G-/G+ratio (Gram negative bacteria to Gram positive bacteria fatty acids), F/B ratio (saprophytic fungi to bacterial fatty acids) were able as indicators of physiological or nutritional status in different environmental conditions, such as heavy metals polluted soils, changes in pH, depth changes drought, salinity, different agricultural managements and flooding are used for evaluation of soil MICROBIAL communities. The method of PLFA analysis in soil and determining MICROBIAL diversity, biomass and their physiological status are addressed here.

Today, many different methods are applied for the correct use of foods and to prevent their deterioration. Ensuring healthy conditions for people in food consumption and consumption of healthy foods is very important for human welfare. In this study, food spoilage, the factors that cause food spoilage, its effects on a global basis, food transport systems (cold chain) and measures that prevent or delay food spoilage are discussed.

The influence of long-term mixed organic and inorganic contamination on soil MICROBIAL activity, COMMUNITY STRUCTURE and genetic diversity was investigated in soil samples from a coke oven plant located in Upper Silesia, Poland. The tested soils were heavily contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals. The MICROBIAL communities were characterized using the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) methods. Analysis of the PLFA profiles showed that the biomass of Gram-negative bacteria and fungi was affected by heavy metals but not by PAHs.Similar results were obtained for total MICROBIAL activity measured as the rate of fluorescein acetate hydrolysis.Statistical analysis of the obtained results revealed that heavy metals rather than PAHs were primarily responsible for the reduction in MICROBIAL activity and the differences in the MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE as showed by PLFA. The DGGE analysis showed that the most contaminated soil had a very low biodiversity and richness but a very high evenness index. The correlation analysis revealed that the biodiversity and richness indices were negatively correlated with PAHs but not with heavy metals. However, there was a positive relationship between the evenness index and tested metals as well as the PAH content. The partial 16S rRNA sequence analysis showed that some of the clones were closely related to the generaPseudomonas, Sphingomonasand Arthrobacter, which are well-known hydrocarbon degraders. Obtained results indicated that a high level of contamination suppress the some bacterial COMMUNITY member giving finally a reduction in the genetic diversity.

Nowadays, the fundamental role of having a purpose for life in physical and mental health has been confirmed. According to victor frankl, presence of a purpose in life gives life a meaning and increases resilience against pains and traumas. The importance of the purpose in life construct reveals the need for a reliable and valid tool to measure it. Crumbaugh and Maholick's purpose in life questionnaire is the first and one of the most applied tools for the assessment of life's purposefulness. The aim of this research is to determine the factor STRUCTURE of purpose in life questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered on 206 students who were selected through random stratified sampling at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Exploratory factor analysis showed that there are two factors "comprehension" and "purpose" and this finding were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Altogether results of this research showed factor validity of the purpose in life questionnaire with a two factor pattern

Background: Microbes particularly bacteria presenting in the gut of haematophagous insects may have an important role in the epidemiology of human infectious disease.Methods: The MICROBIAL flora of gut and surrounding environmental of a laboratory strain of Phlebotomus papatasi, the main vector of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) in the old world, was investigated. Biochemical reactions and 16s rDNA sequencing of the isolated bacteria against 24 sugars and amino acids were used for bacteria species identification. Common mycological media used for fungi identification as well.Results: Most isolates belonged to the Enterobacteriaceae, a large, heterogeneous group of gram-negative rods whose natural habitat is the intestinal tract of humans and animals. Enterobacteriaceae groups included Edwardsiella, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Kluyvera, Leminorella, Pantoea, Proteus, Providencia, Rahnella, Serratia, Shigella, Tatum ella, and Yersinia and non Enterobacteriaceae groups included Bacillus, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas. The most prevalent isolates were Proteus mirabilis and P. vulgaris. These saprophytic and swarming motile bacteria were isolated from all immature, pupae, and mature fed or unfed male or female sand flies as well as from larval and adult food sources. Five fungi species were also isolated from sand flies, their food sources and colonization materials where Candida sp. was common in all mentioned sources.Conclusion: Midgut micro biota are increasingly seen as an important factor for modulating vector competence in insect vectors so their possible effects of the mirobiota on the biology of P. papatasi and their roles in the sand fly- Leis hmania interaction are discussed.